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This process initiates allopatric divergence that can ultimately drive populations towards speciation (Mayr, 1963 Rice & Hostert, 1993). The alteration of topography and past climatic changes associated with mountain uplifts can cause fragmentation of species distributions, which can lead to reduced gene flow between isolated populations. The origin and evolution of biodiversity in mountainous areas are highly dependent on historical orogenesis and associated climatic changes (Hoorn et al., 2010 Favre et al., 2014 Liu et al., 2014 Wen et al., 2014). Our findings highlight the significance of combining genomic approaches with environmental data when evaluating the effects of past climatic changes.īiodiversity hotspots that harbor extremely high species richness are often associated with mountains (Myers et al., 2000). These results illustrate how past climatic changes affected the demographic history of Himalayan organisms.The two lineages at both edges of the distribution were found to be more vulnerable and responded in different ways to past climatic changes. Approximate Bayesian computation analyses showed that each of them have experienced both expansions and bottlenecks since their divergence, which occurred during or across the Quaternary glacial cycles. Four distinct lineages were identified.Ensemble SDMs were carried out to predict potential present and past distribution ranges. Genomic data were obtained for 293 samples of P. tibetica using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq).Here, we investigated the phylogeographic structure and population dynamics of Primula tibetica by combining genomic phylogeography and species distribution models (SDMs). By contrast, less is known about the processes that shaped the species’ spatial genetic structure in areas such as the Himalayas, which is considered a biodiversity hotspot. In taxa distributed in Europe and North America, several paradigms regarding the distribution of refugia have been identified. The effects of Quaternary climatic oscillations on the demography of organisms vary across regions and continents.